Prevalencia de Prevotella spp y Porphyromona spp en periodontitis crónica / Prevalence of Prevotella spp and Porphyromona spp in chronic periodontitis

Las enfermedades del periodonto tienen una etiopatogenia compleja y puede considerarse multifactorial. El factor etiológico esencial en la patología inflamatoria periodontal es la biopelícula dental y cuando el desequilibrio entre el huésped y los microorganismos cambia la complejidad de la flora. Ciertas bacterias como Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, Prevotella loescheii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Tannerrella forsythia, Campylobacter rectus, Eikenella corrodens y Treponema spp., han sido comúnmente relacionadas con la periodontitis crónica y son consideradas como indicadores de riesgo para la progresión de dicha enfermedad. El objetivo de este trabajo fue establecer la prevalencia de Prevotella spp y Porphyromona spp en los distintos estadios de periodontitis crónicas. Material y métodos: Se estudiaron 48 pacientes sistémicamente saludables con diagnóstico de periodontitis crónica. Se completó el consentimiento informado, se realizó historia clínica y examen periodontal. El estado periodontal se clasificó en distintos grados de severidad: leve, moderada y severa. Se tomaron muestras de dos sitios con mayor profundidad de sondaje con conos de papel absorbente estériles y se transportaron en un medio prerreducido. Para el aislamiento de Prevotella spp se utilizó agar Brucella más sangre ovina al 5%, hemina, vitamina K al que se agregaron vancomicina y kanamicina; Porphyromonas sp se aisló en el mismo medio con el agregado de bacitracina y colistina. Se sembraron 10 µl de muestra entera y las placas fueron incubadas en jarras de anaerobiosis por 5 a 7 días a 37ºC. Resultados: los distintos grados de periodontitis correspondieron a un 17% periodontits leve, 57% moderada y 26% severa. En el total de pacientes se determinó la presencia de Prevotella spp en el 54% de los casos y un 12,5% de Porphyromona spp. Conclusión: De los pacientes estudiados con periodontits crónica, un 52% correspondió al sexo masculino, un 57% de los casos correspondieron a periodontitis moderada. Se aisló Prevotella sp en todos los estadios de periodontitis crónica y Porphyromonas sp sólo en periodontitis severas (AU)

Periodontal diseases have a complex etiopathogenesis and can be considered multifactorial. The essential etiological factor in periodontal inflammatory pathology is the dental biofilm and when the imbalance between the host and the microorganisms changes the complexity of the flora. Certain bacteria such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, Prevotella loescheii, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Tannerrella forsythia, Campylobacter rectus, Eikenella corrodens and Treponema spp., Have been commonly related to chronic periodontitis and are considered as risk indicators for the progression of said disease. The objective of this work was to establish the prevalence of Prevotella spp and Porphyromonas spp in the different stages of chronic periodontitis. Forty eight systemically healthy patients diagnosed with chronic periodontitis were studied. Informed consent was completed, a medical history and periodontal examination was carried out. The periodontal state was classified into different degrees of severity: mild, moderate and severe. Samples were taken from two sites with greater depth of probing with sterile absorbent paper cones and transported in a prereduced medium. For the isolation of Prevotella spp, Brucella agar plus 5% sheep blood, hemin, vitamin K to which vancomycin and kanamycin were added. For Porphyromonas spp, the same medium was used and bacitracin and colistin were added. 10 �l of the whole sample was seeded and the plates were incubated in anaerobic jars for 5 to 7 days at 37 ° C. Different degrees of periodontitis corresponded to 17% mild periodontitis, 57% moderate and 26% severe. In the total number of patients, the presence of Prevotella spp was determined in 54% of the cases and 12.5% of Porphyromona spp. Of the patients studied with chronic periodontitis, 52% corresponded to the male sex, 57% of the cases corresponded to moderate periodontitis. Prevotella spp was isolated in all stages of chronic periodontitis and Porphyromonas sp only in severe periodontitis (AU)

Atividade antimicrobiana do óleo essencial de Ocimum americanum e Ocimum basilicum sobre periodontopatógenos / Antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Ocimum americanum and Ocimum basilicum against periodontopathogens

Na doença periodontal, a resposta imune ao desafio microbiano resulta em ativação de osteoclastos e reabsorção do osso alveolar, culminando com a perda do dente. Deste modo, a busca por compostos com atividade antimicrobiana torna-se relevante no controle da formação do biofilme dental. Com o crescente aumento da resistência bacteriana aos antimicrobianos, o descobrimento de novas drogas seria uma ferramenta útil e neste cenário as plantas medicinais são alternativas promissoras. No presente estudo a atividade antimicrobiana de óleos essenciais extraídos de folhas e flores de Ocimum americanum e Ocimum basilicum foi avaliada frente aos periodontopatógenos Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (ATCC 43717), Fusobacterium nucleatum (ATCC 25586), Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATCC 33277) e frente ao micro-organismo Bacteroides fragilis (ATCC 25285). O método de macrodiluição em tubos foi utilizado para determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração bactericida mínima (CBM). Foram registrados menores valores de CIM (0,00625 mg.mL-1 a 0,0125 mg.mL-1) frente a bactéria P. gingivalis, sendo os maiores valores ( <3,2 mg.mL-1) registrados para A. actinomycetemcomitans. Estas concentrações foram consideradas bactericidas quando a CBM foi avaliada. A composição química dos óleos mostrou a presença de linalol e metil cinamato, compostos com reconhecida atividade antimicrobiana, o que poderia explicar os resultados encontrados. Este trabalho mostrou que as plantas medicinais do gênero Ocimum estudadas foram capazes de inibir o crescimento microbiano, especialmente de P. gingivalis, apresentando, portanto, potencial biotecnológico para uso na área de odontologia

In Periodontal disease, the immune response to microbial challenge results in osteoclast activation and alveolar bone resorption, leading to tooth loss, so the search for chemical compounds with antimicrobial activity is relevant to control biofilm formation. With the increasing of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, the discovery of new drugs would be a useful tool, and in this scenario the medicinal plants are promising alternatives. In this study, the antimicrobial activity of essential oils extracted from leaves and flowers of Ocimum americanum and Ocimum basilicum was evaluated against the periodontopathogens Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (ATCC 43717), Fusobacterium nucleatum (ATCC 25586), Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATCC 33277) and against the bacteria Bacteroides fragilis (ATCC 25285). The macrodilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC). There were recorded lower values of MIC (0.00625 mg.mL-1 to 0.0125 mg.mL-1) against P. gingivalis, and the highest values (<3,2 mg.mL-1) were recorded for A. actinomycetemcomitans. These concentrations were considered bactericidal when MBC was assessed. The chemical composition of the oils showed the presence of linalool and methyl cinnamate, compounds with proven antimicrobial activity, which could explain the results. This project showed that medicinal plants studied were able to inhibit microbial growth, especially against P. gingivalis, presenting therefore biotechnological potential for use in dentistry

Antimicrobial Effect of Coptidis rhizome Extract against Mutans Streptococci and Periodontopathogens

The purpose of the study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of the methanol extract of Coptidis rhizome against the type strains of cariogenic bacteria, Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, and the periodontopathogens, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. The antimicrobial activities of the crude extract and the methanol extract fractions of Coptidis rhizome separated by silica gel chromatography were evaluated by determining the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values, using the microdilution method. The cell viability test of the extracts of Coptidis rhizome on the KB cells was also studied by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Our results showed that the 11th fraction (F11) of the methanol extract had the greatest antimicrobial activity against the tested bacteria, with no associated cytotoxicity on the KB cells, upto a concentration of 50 microg/ml. These results suggest that the silica gel chromatography fraction F11 of the methanol extract of Coptidis rhizome, could be useful in the development of oral hygiene products as an antimicrobial agent for the prevention of dental caries and periodontal diseases.

Antimicrobial Activity of Mulberry Leaf against Mutans Streptococci and Periodontopathogens

This study investigated the antimicrobial activity of methanol extract of mulberry leaf against 16 strains of mutans streptococci and four species of periodontopathogens: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. The antimicrobial activities of the crude extracts or silica gel chromatography fractions of methanol-extracted mulberry leaf were evaluated by determining minimal inhibitory concentrations using an established microdilution method. The cytotoxicity of the extracts of mulberry leaf on KB cells was tested by the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay. Chromatography fraction 12 displayed the most potent antimicrobial activity against all 16 strains of mutans streptococci, P. gingivalis, and P. intermedia. No KB cell cytotoxicity was evident up to 128 microg/ml of fraction 12. The methanol extract had no antimicrobial activity against F. nucleatum and A. actinomycetemcomitans. These results suggest chromatography fraction 12 methanol extract of mulberry leaf could be useful in the development of oral hygiene products, such as dentifrice and oral hygiene solution, for the prevention of dental caries.

Beneficial Effects of Lactobacillus casei ATCC 334 on Halitosis Induced by Periodontopathogens

Halitosis is caused by consumption of certain foods or drinks and production of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) by periodontopathogens. VSCs-related halitosis is not easily removed using mechanical or chemical therapies such as dental floss, plaque control and mouth rinse. Lactobacillus are known to be probiotics and stimulate immune systems of human. Furthermore, L. casei ATCC 334 and L. rhamnosus GG have an effect on protection of dental caries in vitro studies. The aim of this study was to investigate effect of Lactobacillus on halitosis by Fusobacterium nucleatum- and Porphyromonas gingivalis- producing VSCs and to analyze inhibitory mechanism. The periodontopathogens were cultivated in the presence or the absence Lactobacillus, and the level of VSCs was measured by gas chromatograph. For analysis of inhibitory mechanisms, the susceptibility assay of the spent culture medium of Lactobacillus against F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis was investigated. Also, the spent culture medium of Lactobacillus and periodontopathogens were mixed, and the emission of VSCs from the spent culture medium was measured by gas chromatograph. L. casei and L. rhamnosus significantly reduced production of VSCs. L. casei and L. rhamnosus exhibited strong antibacterial activity against F. nucleatum and P. gingivalis. The spent culture medium of L. casei inhibited to emit gaseous hydrogen sulfide, methyl mercaptan and dimethyl sulfide from the spent culture medium of periodontopathogens. However, the spent medium of L. rhamnosus repressed only dimethyl sulfide. L. casei ATCC 334 may improve halitosis by growth inhibition of periodontopathogens and reduction of VSCs emission.

Expresión de citoquinas Th17 y su correlación con periodontopatógenos y el área periodontal inflamada en pacientes con periodontitis crónica / Th17 cytokines expression and its correlation with periodontopathogens and periodontal inflammed surface area (PISA) in patients with chronic periodontitis

Antecedentes: La periodontitis es una enfermedad inflamatoria infecciosa que involucra una respuesta inmune del hospedero y se caracteriza por destrucción del hueso alveolar, el objetivo del estudio es analizar la expresión de citoquinas Th17 y su correlación con periodontopatógenos y el área periodontal inflamada en pacientes con periodontitis crónica. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo exploratorio en el que se reclutaron 23 pacientes con diagnóstico de periodontitis crónica y un grupo control de 10 individuos sano/gingivitis. A todos los sujetos se les realizó un examen periodontal completo. Además, se utilizó el método PISA (Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area) para cuantificar el tamaño de la herida periodontal. Se recolectaron muestras de FGC, plasma y placa bacteriana para su análisis mediante técnica de ELISA de IL-17 A, IL-6, IL-23 y IL-10 y PCR para la determinación de la presencia de: P. gingivalis, T. denticola, T. forsythensis, A. actinomycetemcomitans, F. nucleatum y P. intermedia. Los datos fueron analizados utilizando estadística descriptiva y la asociación entre variables se estimó a través de modelos de regresión logística. Resultados: Se observó una tendencia al aumento, no significativa, de los niveles de IL-17A, IL-6 y IL-23 a nivel de FGC en los sujetos con periodontitis crónica (p=0.716, 0.784, 0.421, respectivamente). Los pacientes con periodontitis crónica presentaron una disminución de la IL-10 (p=0.012) y los niveles de IL-17A se correlacionaron positivamente con el área periodontal inflamada (p=0.004). A nivel de los patógenos periodontales, se observó una asociación entre la presencia de: P. gingivalis, T. denticola, T. forsythensis y los niveles de IL-6 plasmática (p=0.017, 0.033, 0.024, respectivamente).

Objective: Periodontitis is an infectious and inflammatory disease that involves a host immune response and is characterized by alveolar bone destruction. Aim: Analyze the expression of Th17 cytokines and their correlation with periodontopathogens and periodontal inflamed area in patients with chronic periodontitis. Method: A case control study was performed. At the time of delivery, 23 cases of patients with periodontal diagnosis were enrolled in the study and 10 controls with gingivitis. The diagnosis involved a complete periodontal examination with periodontal Florida probe. Also we used the PISA (Periodontal Inflamed Surface Area) index to classify the groups. Plasma and GCF samples were collected and studied for protein expression by ELISA assays for IL17A, Il6, IL23 and IL10. Plaque was analyzed by PCR for the determination of the presence of: P. gingivalis, T. denticola, T. forsythensis, F. nucleatum, P. intermedia and A. actinomycetemcomitans. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and the association between variables was estimated through logistic regression models. Results: There is a trend of increased GCF levels of IL17A, IL6, and IL23 with no significance. However there was an association between gingivitis and IL10 plasma and GCF levels (p=0.012). In relation to the periodontal wound size, a correlation was observed between the levels of IL6 and IL10 in GCF. Analysis of periodontal pathogens, showed an association between the presence of: P. gingivalis, T. denticola, T. forsythensis and plasma levels of IL-6 (p=0.017, 0.033 and 0.024, respectively).

Antimicrobial Activity of Oleanolic Acid, Ursolic Acid, and Sophoraflavanone G against Periodontopathogens

In general, oleanolic acid (OA) and ursolic acid (UA) have antimicrobial effect against Gram-positive bacteria but not Gram-negative bacteria whereas sophoraflavanone G has antimicrobial activity against both bacterial types. However, the antimicrobial effects of OA, UA, and sophoraflavanone G against periodontopathogens have not been studied to any great extent. The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial effect of OA, UA, and sophoraflavanone G against 15 strains (5 species) of oral Gram-negative bacteria, which are the major causative bacteria of periodontal disease. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) determinations. OA and UA showed antimicrobial effects against all of the Porphyromonas gingivalis strains tested and also Prevotella intermedia ATCC 25611T. Interestingly, P. intermedia ATCC 49046 showed greater resistance to OA and UA than P. intermedia ATCC 25611T. In contrast, sophoraflavanone G had antimicrobial activity against all strains, with MIC and MBC values below 32 microg/ml, except Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. These results indicate that sophoraflavanone G may have potential for use in future oral hygiene products such as dentifrices and gargling solution to prevent periodontitis.

Uso de produtos naturais como coadjuvante no tratamento da doença periodontal. [revisão] / Use of natural products as adjuvant in the treatment of periodontal disease. [review]

A doença periodontal (DP) é descrita como um conjunto de processos inflamatórios e infecciosos que acomete os tecidos periodontais, de etiologia multifatorial, localização sítiodependente e considerada pela Organização Mundial de Saúde como uma das duas principais enfermidades de risco para a saúde bucal. Desencadeada e perpetuada por bactérias anaeróbias Gram-negativas, cuja resistência a antibioticoterapia convencional e a antissépticos bucais exigem a busca por novos métodos coadjuvantes ao tratamento clínico (raspagem e alisamento radicular) da DP. Neste enfoque, o uso de produtos naturais poderia ser muito promissor. O objetivo do trabalho foi realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema: utilização de produtos naturais no controle químico do crescimento do biofilme dental subgengival. O trabalho mostrou que este novo conceito de tratamento a base de produtos naturais, merece uma atenção especial, desde que o Brasil é detentor de uma rica biodiversidade e já que diversos trabalhos científicos indicam uma atividade antimicrobiana in vitro em ensaios laboratoriais utilizando produtos naturais. Assim, métodos de tratamento da doença periodontal eficazes e acessíveis à população poderiam modificar o quadro atual em que se encontra a saúde bucal dos brasileiros no cenário internacional.

The periodontal disease (PD) is described as a set of inflammatory and infectious process that attacks periodontal tissue of multifactorial etiology, localized and considered by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the two main disease in odontology. Unchained and perpetuated for Gram negative anaerobic bacteria, whose anti-septic and antibiotic resistance demand new methods for clinical treatment (scaling and root planing). In this approach, the use of natural products could be promising. The aim of this work was a literature review about the use of natural products in the chemical control of the growth of subgingival dental biofilm. The work showed that antimicrobial natural agents can be useful as adjunct to mechanical therapy and deserve a special attention, since Brazil hold a rich biodiversity and because scientific works indicate an antimicrobial activity in vitro in assays using natural products. Thus, methods of treatment of periodontal diseases, efficient and accessible to Brazilian population could change the actual scenery of odontology in Brazil.

Aggregatibacter Actinomycetemcomitants And Prevotella Intermedia In Advanced Chronic Periodontis Patients

This cross-sectional study was carried out to identify A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. intermedia in the subgingival plaque of three ethnic groups (Malays, Chinese and Indians) in a selected group of adult Malaysians with advanced Chronic Periodontitis and to correlate these findings with their periodontal status. Thirty periodontally diseased adults were age, gender and ethnically matched with 30 healthy individuals. Clinical parameters were assessed for all. Subgingival plaque samples were collected for identification of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. intermedia using polymerase chain reaction. Prevalence for P. intermedia (83.3%) was high and A. actinomycetemcomitans (6.7%) low in the total subject population. P. intermedia and A. actinomycetemcomitans were more prevalent in diseased (86.7%, 10% respectively) than in healthy (80%, 3.33% respectively) subjects. A. actinomycetemcomitans was detected in 15% Indians, 5% Malays but none of the Chinese subjects whereas P. intermedia was detected in 90% Malays, 85% Indians and 75% Chinese subjects. No significant association between presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans and P. intermedia with race and periodontal disease status was found. Only A. actinomycetemcomitans had a significant association with clinical attachment level (CAL) (p < 0.05). In conclusion, in this small subject group, none of the pathogens were associated with race and periodontal disease status and only A. actinomycetemcomitans had a significant association with CAL.

Effects of Microbial Communication on The Growth of Periodontopathogens

Most oral microorganisms exist as biofilms which initiate formation via the attachment of an early colonizer to host proteins on the tooth surface. Fusobacterium nucleatum act as a bridge between early and late colonizers. Dental biofilms eventually comprise dental pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia. To evaluate the effects of mutual interactions between oral bacteria on the growth of biofilms, periodontopathogens were co-cultured with a 0.4 microm barrier. Streptococcus gordonii inhibited the growth of F. nucleatum and periodontopathogens. However, F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis and T. denticola activated the growth of other bacteria. A co-culture system of early and late colonizers could be a useful tool to further understand bacterial interactions during the development of dental biofilm.

Detection of periodontal disease related bacteria from the implant-abutment interface in oral cavity / 대한치과보철학회지

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Implant systems result in gaps and cavities between implant and abutment that can act as a trap for bacteria and thus possibly cause inflammatory reactions in the peri-implant soft tissues. PURPOSE: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, related to implant-abutment interface microleakage. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Samples were taken from 27 subjects with sterilized paper points and were transported in 1XPBS. The detection of periodontopathogens were performed by polymerase chain reaction with species-specific primers based on 16S rDNA. RESULTS: Our data showed that the detection rate of P. gingivalis and P. intermedia in implant fixture was 59% and 82% in patients respectively. Detection rate of P. gingivalis and P. intermedia in implant crevice was 44% and 82% in patients. Detection rate of P. gingivalis and P. intermedias in tongue was 82% and 82% in patients. CONCLUSION: Current implant systems cannot safely prevent microbial leakage and bacterial colonization of the inner part of the implant.

Changes of periodontopathogens and clinical parameters of periodontal tissue after debanding / 대한치과교정학회지

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical and microbiological changes in periodontal tissue around the banded molars after debanding. METHODS: This study included 17 young adult patients treated with fixed orthodontic appliances including bands on the last molars more than 1 years. Probing depth and bleeding frequency were measured and plaque samples were collected from the last banded molars in all quadrants of each patient. All the data were collected immediately after debanding and 4 weeks after debanding. RESULTS: Using polymerase chain reaction based on 16S rDNA, the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola was detected. After debanding, probing depth, bleeding frequency, and prevalance of periodontopathogens were reduced. Probing depth and bleeding frequency were most decreased in the buccal site of the mandibular left molar and were least decreased in the lingual site of the maxillary right molar. CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicated that proper management of oral hygiene after debanding can recuperate unfavorable periodontal condition caused by orthodontic treatment.

Comparison of the prevalence of 4 periodontopathogens in supra- and subgingival plaque of young adults without periodontitis / 대한치주과학회지

The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the frequence of 4 periodontal pathogens in the supra- and subgingival plaque in periodontally healthy subjects. Twenty adult individuals aged 22 to 28 years (mean age 23.65 years) participated in this study. All subjects had no pocket sites more than 3 mm deep, and the sites selected for sampling were all negative for bleeding. After drying and isolation of the sites with cotton rolls, supragingival plaque was sampled using sterile periodontal curette. Each plaque sample was placed in individual tubes containing 500 ml of 1X PBS. After removal of the supragingival sample and any remaining supragingival plaque, subgingival plaque samples were taken from the same sites using sterile curette and placed in similar individual tubes. Identification of 4 putative periodontal pathogens from the samples was performed by polymerase chain reaction based on 16S rDNA. Chi-square test was employed to identify significant explanatory variables for the presence of the 4 periodontal pathogens. The data show that Actinobacillus actinmycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacteroides forsythus, and Fusobacterium nucleatum occurred in 16.9%, 14.4%, 52.5%, and 80.6%, respectively. No significant differences were noted in the periodontal pathogens between supra- and subgingival plaques according to the kind of teeth. However, the incisors were at higher risk for harboring F. nucleatum (p <0.05). Conclusion: These results reveal that anaerobic periodontal pathogens can be detected in supragingival plaques. Supragingival plaque may function as a reservoir of periodotopathogens.

In Vitro Antibacterial Effect of a Mouthrinse Containing CPC (Cetylpyridinium Chloride), NaF and UDCA(ursodeoxycholic acid) against Major Periodontopathogens / 대한치주과학회지

The antibacterial efficacy of a mouthrinse(Denta Gargle) containing CPC(cetylpyridinium chloride), NaF and UDCA(ursodeoxycholic acid), on major periodontopathogens, was in vitro examined and compared with that of Listerine by a broth dilution method. The bacteria tested were Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Bacteroides forsythus, Fusobacterium nucleatum subsp. vincentii, Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola. The growth of all the bacteria were completely inhibited by a 1-min exposure to the both mouthrinses. When diluted at 1:5 or more, all bacteria analyzed but P. intermedia were not inhibited by Listerine. In contrast, Denta Gargle showed highly increased maximum inhibitory dilutions(MID) against all periodontopathogens included in this study, with MIDs ranging from 5-fold(F. nucleatum) to 160-fold dilutions(P. intermedia). The MIDs against A. actinomycetemcomitans, B. forsythus, P. gingivalis and T. denticola. were 1:40, 1:80, 1:80 and 1:80, respectively.